SQL Server Permissions Hierarchy (Database Engine)
SQL Server 2005/2008/2008R2/2012
The Database Engine manages a hierarchical collection of entities that can be secured with permissions. These entities are known as securables. The most prominent securables are servers and databases, but discrete permissions can be set at a much finer level. SQL Server regulates the actions of principals on securables by verifying that they have been granted appropriate permissions.
The following illustration shows the relationships among the Database Engine permissions hierarchies.